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at twice the speed of sound

  • 1 twice-the-speed-of-sound

    скорость, в два раза превышающая скорость звука

    Англо-русский словарь по авиации > twice-the-speed-of-sound

  • 2 twice-the-speed-of-sound

    скорость, в два раза превышающая скорость звука

    English-Russian dictionary of terms that are used in computer games > twice-the-speed-of-sound

  • 3 twice

    adverb
    1) (two times) zweimal

    she didn't have to be asked twice! — da brauchte man sie nicht zweimal zu fragen!

    2) (doubly) doppelt

    twice as strong — etc. doppelt so stark usw.

    he's twice her age — er ist doppelt so alt wie sie; see also academic.ru/74589/think">think 2. 1)

    * * *
    1) (two times: I've been to London twice.) zweimal
    2) (two times the amount of: She has twice his courage.) doppelt
    3) (two times as good etc as: He is twice the man you are.) zweimal
    •
    - think twice about doing something
    - think twice about something
    * * *
    [twaɪs]
    I. adv inv zweimal
    \twice a day zweimal täglich
    II. adj inv doppelt
    she is \twice his age sie ist doppelt so alt wie er
    * * *
    [twaɪs]
    adv
    zweimal

    twice as much/many — doppelt or zweimal so viel/so viele

    twice as much bread — doppelt so viel or zweimal so viel Brot, die doppelte Menge Brot

    twice as long as... — doppelt or zweimal so lange wie...

    at twice the speed of sound — mit doppelter Schallgeschwindigkeit

    twice weekly, twice a week — zweimal wöchentlich, zweimal pro Woche

    a twice-weekly newspaper —

    he didn't need to be asked twice — da brauchte man ihn nicht zweimal zu fragen

    * * *
    twice [ˈtwaıs] adv zweimal:
    twice 3 is 6 2 mal 3 ist 6;
    think twice about sth fig sich eine Sache zweimal überlegen;
    he didn’t think twice about it er zögerte nicht lange;
    twice as much doppelt oder zweimal oder noch einmal so viel, das Doppelte;
    he’s twice her age er ist doppelt so alt wie sie;
    the plane was flying at twice the speed of sound das Flugzeug flog mit doppelter Schallgeschwindigkeit;
    twice the sum die doppelte Summe; → once A 1
    * * *
    adverb
    1) (two times) zweimal
    2) (doubly) doppelt

    twice as strong — etc. doppelt so stark usw.

    he's twice her age — er ist doppelt so alt wie sie; see also think 2. 1)

    * * *
    adv.
    doppelt adv.
    zweimal adv.

    English-german dictionary > twice

  • 4 speed

    1.
    [spiːd]noun
    1) Geschwindigkeit, die

    at full or top speed — mit Höchstgeschwindigkeit; mit Vollgas (ugs.)

    2) (gear) Gang, der
    3) (Photog.) (of film etc.) Lichtempfindlichkeit, die; (of lens)

    [shutter] speed — Belichtungszeit, die

    2.
    1) intransitive verb, sped [sped] or speeded (go fast) schnell fahren; rasen (ugs.)
    2) p.t. & p.p. speeded (go too fast) zu schnell fahren; rasen (ugs.)
    3. transitive verb,

    speed somebody on his/her way — jemanden verabschieden

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/91922/speed_off">speed off
    * * *
    [spi:d] 1. noun
    1) (rate of moving: a slow speed; The car was travelling at high speed.) die Geschwindigkeit
    2) (quickness of moving.) die Schnelligkeit
    2. verb
    1) ((past tense, past participles sped [sped] speeded) to (cause to) move or progress quickly; to hurry: The car sped/speeded along the motorway.) rasen
    2) ((past tense, past participle speeded) to drive very fast in a car etc, faster than is allowed by law: The policeman said that I had been speeding.) (zu)schnell fahren
    •
    - speeding
    - speedy
    - speedily
    - speediness
    - speed bump
    - speed trap
    - speedometer
    - speed up
    * * *
    [spi:d]
    I. n
    1. (velocity) Geschwindigkeit f, Tempo nt
    at a \speed of seventy kilometres per hour mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 70 km/h
    cruising \speed Reisegeschwindigkeit f
    \speed of light/sound Licht-/Schallgeschwindigkeit f
    average traffic \speed durchschnittliche Verkehrsgeschwindigkeit
    high \speed hohe Geschwindigkeit
    maximum [or top] \speed Höchstgeschwindigkeit f
    steady \speed gleich bleibende Geschwindigkeit
    to gain [or gather] [or pick up] \speed an Geschwindigkeit gewinnen; vehicle beschleunigen; person schneller werden
    to lower [or reduce] one's \speed seine Geschwindigkeit verringern; vehicle langsamer fahren; person langsamer werden
    2. no pl (high velocity) hohe Geschwindigkeit
    at \speed esp BRIT bei voller Geschwindigkeit
    at breakneck \speed ( fam) mit einem Mordstempo fam
    at lightning \speed schnell wie der Blitz
    at full \speed mit Höchstgeschwindigkeit
    at supersonic \speed mit Überschallgeschwindigkeit
    up to \speed bis Höchstgeschwindigkeit
    3. no pl (quickness) Schnelligkeit f
    with \speed schnell
    with all possible \speed so schnell wie möglich
    4. TECH (operating mode) Drehzahl f
    full \speed ahead/astern! NAUT volle Kraft voraus/achteraus!
    5. (gear) Gang m
    I have a ten-\speed bicycle ich habe ein Fahrrad mit Zehngangschaltung
    6. PHOT [Licht]empfindlichkeit f
    shutter \speed Belichtungszeit f
    7. no pl (sl: drug) Speed nt sl
    to be on \speed auf Speed sein
    8.
    ▶ to bring [or get] sb/sth up to \speed esp BRIT (update) jdn/etw auf den neuesten Stand bringen; (repair) etw wieder zum Laufen bringen
    ▶ to be heading [at] full \speed for sth mit vollen Schritten auf etw akk zusteuern
    ▶ to pick up \speed Ergebnisse verbessern
    ▶ to travel at the \speed of light sich akk mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit verbreiten
    ▶ to be up to \speed [with sth] [mit etw dat] auf dem Laufenden sein
    II. vi
    <sped, sped>
    1. (rush) sausen, flitzen
    we sped down the ski slopes wir sausten die Piste herunter
    ▪ to \speed along vorbeisausen
    ▪ to \speed off davonbrausen
    2. (drive too fast) die Geschwindigkeit überschreiten, rasen
    III. vt
    <-ed or sped, -ed or sped>
    1. (quicken)
    ▪ to \speed sth etw beschleunigen
    ▪ to \speed sb somewhere jdn schnell irgendwo hinbringen
    3.
    ▶ God \speed you ( old) Gott sei mit dir liter o veraltet
    ▶ to \speed sb on his/her way jdn verabschieden
    * * *
    [spiːd] vb: pret, ptp sped or speeded
    1. n
    1) Geschwindigkeit f; (= esp fast speed) Schnelligkeit f; (of moving object or person) Tempo nt, Geschwindigkeit f

    at high/low speed — mit hoher/niedriger Geschwindigkeit

    the speed of light/sound —

    to pick up or gather speed — beschleunigen, schneller werden; ( fig, development ) sich beschleunigen; (person) schneller werden

    to lose speed — (an) Geschwindigkeit verlieren

    to bring a factory/system up to speed — eine Fabrik/ein System auf den neuesten Stand bringen

    her typing/shorthand speed is good — sie kann schnell Maschine schreiben/stenografieren

    what is her typing/shorthand speed? —

    with all possible speed — so schnell wie möglich

    with such speed — so schnell

    2) (AUT, TECH: gear) Gang m

    three-speed bicycle —

    3) (PHOT: film speed) Lichtempfindlichkeit f; (= shutter speed) Belichtungszeit f
    4) (inf: drug) Speed nt (sl)
    2. vt

    to speed sb on his way (person) — jdn verabschieden; (iro) jdn hinauskomplimentieren; (good wishes etc)

    if you fetch the visitors' coats it may speed them on their way God speed you! (old) — wenn du die Mäntel der Gäste holst, machen sie sich vielleicht auf den Weg Gott (sei) mit dir! (old)

    3. vi
    1) pret, ptp sped (= move quickly) jagen, flitzen; (arrow) sausen, flitzen

    the years sped by —

    2) pret, ptp speeded (AUT: exceed speed limit) zu schnell fahren, die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreiten
    * * *
    speed [spiːd]
    A s
    1. Geschwindigkeit f, Tempo n, Schnelligkeit f:
    at speed mit hoher Geschwindigkeit;
    at a speed of mit einer Geschwindigkeit von;
    at full speed mit Höchstgeschwindigkeit;
    my car does 100 mph at full speed mein Wagen fährt 160, wenn ich ihn voll ausfahre;
    full speed ahead (astern)! SCHIFF volle Kraft voraus (zurück)!;
    he was running at full speed er lief so schnell er konnte;
    at the speed of light mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit;
    at twice the speed of sound mit zweifacher Schallgeschwindigkeit;
    speed of action schnelles Handeln;
    that’s not my speed US sl das ist nicht mein Fall
    2. TECH
    a) Drehzahl f
    b) AUTO etc Gang m:
    three-speed bicycle Fahrrad n mit Dreigangschaltung;
    five-speed gear(box) Fünfganggetriebe n
    3. FOTO
    a) Lichtempfindlichkeit f (des Objektivs)
    b) Verschlussgeschwindigkeit f, Öffnung f
    4. obs Glück n:
    good speed! viel Glück!
    5. sl Speed m (Aufputschmittel, z. B. Amphetamine)
    B v/t prät und pperf speeded, sped [sped]
    1. (an)treiben
    2. rasch befördern
    3. seinen Lauf etc beschleunigen, seinen Weg schnell gehen oder zurücklegen
    a) eine Sache beschleunigen, vorantreiben, die Produktion erhöhen,
    b) eine Maschine beschleunigen
    5. einen Pfeil abschießen
    6. jemanden verabschieden
    7. obs jemandem beistehen:
    God speed you! Gott sei mit dir!
    C v/i
    1. (dahin)eilen, rasen:
    the time sped by die Zeit verging wie im Flug
    2. AUTO zu schnell fahren, die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung oder das Tempolimit überschreiten: → speeding
    3. speed up die Geschwindigkeit erhöhen
    * * *
    1.
    [spiːd]noun
    1) Geschwindigkeit, die

    at full or top speed — mit Höchstgeschwindigkeit; mit Vollgas (ugs.)

    2) (gear) Gang, der
    3) (Photog.) (of film etc.) Lichtempfindlichkeit, die; (of lens)

    [shutter] speed — Belichtungszeit, die

    2.
    1) intransitive verb, sped [sped] or speeded (go fast) schnell fahren; rasen (ugs.)
    2) p.t. & p.p. speeded (go too fast) zu schnell fahren; rasen (ugs.)
    3. transitive verb,

    speed somebody on his/her way — jemanden verabschieden

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (gearbox) n.
    Gang ¨-e m. n.
    Eile -n f.
    Geschwindigkeit f.
    Tempo -s n. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: sped)
    = rasch fahren ausdr.
    rasen v.

    English-german dictionary > speed

  • 5 twice

    1) (two times: I've been to London twice.) dos veces
    2) (two times the amount of: She has twice his courage.) el doble de, dos veces (más)
    3) (two times as good etc as: He is twice the man you are.) dos veces (mejor...)
    •
    - think twice about doing something
    - think twice about something
    twice adv dos veces
    tr[twaɪs]
    1 dos veces
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    twice over dos veces
    twice ['twaɪs] adv
    : dos veces
    twice a day: dos veces al día
    it costs twice as much: cuesta el doble
    adv.
    • dos veces adv.
    twaɪs
    a) ( two times) dos veces

    twice a week/year — dos veces por semana/año

    the twice-weekly meetings — las reuniones, que tienen lugar dos veces por semana

    b) ( double)

    he's twice your age/height — te dobla en edad/altura

    [twaɪs]
    ADV dos veces

    twice as much/many — dos veces más

    twice a week — dos veces a la or por semana

    she is twice your age — ella tiene dos veces tu edad, es dos veces mayor que tú

    twice the sum, twice the quantity — el doble

    A is twice as big as B — A es el doble de B, A es dos veces más grande que B

    he didn't have to be asked twice — no se hizo de rogar, no se lo tuve que pedir dos veces

    * * *
    [twaɪs]
    a) ( two times) dos veces

    twice a week/year — dos veces por semana/año

    the twice-weekly meetings — las reuniones, que tienen lugar dos veces por semana

    b) ( double)

    he's twice your age/height — te dobla en edad/altura

    English-spanish dictionary > twice

  • 6 fly

    fly [flaɪ]
    mouche ⇒ 1 (a) braguette ⇒ 1 (b) voler ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c) prendre l'avion ⇒ 2 (a) filer ⇒ 2 (b) piloter ⇒ 3 (a)
    (pl flies, pt flew [flu:], pp flown [fləʊn])
    1 noun
    (a) Entomology & Fishing mouche f;
    ∎ familiar they're dropping like flies (dying, fainting) ils tombent comme des mouches;
    ∎ familiar this illness is killing them off like flies cette maladie les fait tomber comme des mouches;
    ∎ familiar the recession is killing companies off like flies la récession fait une véritable hécatombe parmi les entreprises;
    ∎ figurative the fly in the ointment (person) l'empêcheur(euse) m,f de tourner en rond; (problem) l'os m;
    ∎ figurative there's a fly in the ointment il y a un os;
    ∎ familiar there are no flies on him il n'est pas fou;
    ∎ figurative he wouldn't hurt a fly il ne ferait pas de mal à une mouche;
    ∎ British familiar I wouldn't mind being a fly on the wall j'aimerais bien être une petite souris;
    ∎ familiar to be catching flies (yawn, have mouth open) gober les mouches;
    ∎ American familiar to live on the fly vivre à cent à l'heure
    (b) (often pl) (on trousers) braguette f;
    ∎ your flies are or fly is undone or open ta braguette est ouverte
    (c) (entrance to tent) rabat m; (flysheet) auvent m
    ∎ to go for a fly faire un tour en avion
    ∎ to do sth on the fly (craftily, secretively) faire qch en douce
    (a) (bird, insect, plane, pilot) voler; (passenger) prendre l'avion; (arrow, bullet, missile) voler, filer;
    ∎ the first plane to fly faster than the speed of sound le premier avion à dépasser la vitesse du son;
    ∎ it flies well (plane) il se pilote bien;
    ∎ I'm flying to Berlin tomorrow (passenger) je prends l'avion pour Berlin demain; (pilot) je vole à Berlin demain;
    ∎ he flies to Paris about twice a month (passenger) il va à Paris en avion environ deux fois par mois;
    ∎ we fly to Berlin four days a week (airline) nous avons des vols pour Berlin quatre jours par semaine;
    ∎ we fly to over a dozen destinations (airline) nous desservons plus d'une douzaine de destinations;
    ∎ soon we'll be flying over Manchester nous allons bientôt survoler Manchester;
    ∎ to fly across the Channel traverser la Manche en avion;
    ∎ to fly via London faire escale à Londres;
    ∎ those who have flown British in or American with Concorde ceux qui ont voyagé en Concorde, ceux qui ont pris le Concorde;
    ∎ he flies for an American airline il est pilote dans une compagnie aérienne américaine;
    ∎ which airline did you fly with? avec quelle compagnie aérienne as-tu voyagé?;
    ∎ they don't fly from Heathrow any more ils n'ont plus de vols au départ de Heathrow;
    ∎ the trapeze artist flew through the air le trapéziste a voltigé;
    ∎ figurative the bird had already flown l'oiseau s'était envolé
    (b) (move quickly → person) filer; (→ time) passer à toute vitesse; (flee) s'enfuir; (shoot into air → sparks, dust, cork, shavings) voler;
    ∎ familiar I really must fly! il faut vraiment que je file ou que je me sauve!;
    ∎ she flew out of the room elle est sortie de la pièce comme un bolide;
    ∎ he came flying round the corner il a débouché du coin comme un bolide;
    ∎ he flew to her rescue il a volé à son secours;
    ∎ the time seems to have flown! le temps est passé à une vitesse!;
    ∎ the past two years have just flown les deux dernières années ont passé à toute vitesse ou se sont envolées;
    ∎ time flies!, doesn't time fly! comme le temps passe!;
    ∎ the door flew open and there stood… la porte s'est ouverte brusquement sur…;
    ∎ to fly into a rage or temper s'emporter, sortir de ses gonds;
    ∎ to knock or to send sb flying envoyer qn rouler à terre;
    ∎ to knock or to send sth flying envoyer qch voler;
    ∎ his hat went flying across the room son chapeau a volé ou voltigé à travers la pièce;
    ∎ the insults were really flying les insultes fusaient de toutes parts
    (c) (kite) voler; (flag) être déployé; (in wind → flag, coat) flotter; (→ hair) voler
    ∎ to let fly (physically) envoyer ou décocher un coup; (verbally) s'emporter;
    ∎ he let fly with a powerful left hook il a décoché ou envoyé un puissant crochet du gauche;
    ∎ she then let fly with a string of accusations elle a alors lancé un flot d'accusations;
    ∎ to (let) fly at sb (physically) sauter ou se jeter sur qn; (verbally) s'en prendre violemment à qn;
    ∎ to fly in the face of sth (reason, evidence, logic) défier qch;
    ∎ this flies in the face of our agreement cela contrecarre notre accord
    (a) (plane, helicopter → of pilot) piloter;
    ∎ to fly Concorde (pilot) piloter le Concorde; (passenger) prendre le Concorde, voyager en Concorde
    (b) (passengers, people, goods) transporter en avion; (route → of pilot, passenger) emprunter; (airline) voyager avec; (distance → of passenger, pilot, plane) parcourir; (combat mission) effectuer;
    ∎ to fly the Atlantic (pilot, passenger) traverser l'Atlantique en avion; (plane) traverser l'Atlantique;
    ∎ her employers flew her to the States ses employeurs l'ont envoyée aux États-Unis en avion;
    ∎ we're flying them home on the first flight nous les rapatrions par le premier vol
    (c) (flag → of ship) arborer; (kite) faire voler;
    ∎ a flag is flown on public buildings when… tous les bâtiments publics arborent un drapeau quand…
    (d) (flee from → the country) fuir;
    ∎ familiar to fly the coop se faire la malle;
    ∎ to fly the nest (baby bird) quitter le nid; figurative (person) quitter le foyer familial
    (a) British old-fashioned (sharp) malin(igne)□, rusé□ ;
    ∎ a fly guy un malin, un rusé
    (b) black American slang (excellent) génial, super, géant; (stylish, attractive) chouette
    ►► fly agaric amanite f tue-mouches;
    fly ball (in baseball) chandelle f;
    fly cruise forfait m avion et croisière;
    Sport fly half (in rugby) demi m d'ouverture;
    ∎ to play fly half jouer (en) demi d'ouverture;
    Sport fly kick (in rugby) coup m de pied à suivre;
    Fishing fly rod canne f à mouche;
    fly spray bombe f insecticide
    (bird, insect) voleter, voltiger; (plane, pilot) voler dans les parages, survoler les parages; figurative (rumours) courir;
    ∎ there are lots of figures flying about or around on entend tellement de chiffres différents
    (bird, insect, plane) s'envoler
    (bird, insect) revenir; (plane) revenir; (passenger) rentrer en avion
    (person, passengers → to an area) emmener en avion; (→ from an area) ramener en avion; (→ to own country) rapatrier en avion
    (a) (time) passer à toute vitesse;
    ∎ the time has flown by! comme le temps a passé!;
    ∎ as the days flew by à mesure que les jours s'enfuyaient
    (b) (plane) passer
    ➲ fly in
    (a) (person) arriver en avion; (plane) arriver
    (b) (bird, insect) entrer
    (troops, reinforcements, food) envoyer en avion; (of pilot → to an area) emmener; (→ from an area) amener
    ➲ fly off
    (a) (bird, insect) s'envoler; (plane) décoller; (person) partir en avion;
    ∎ when do you fly off to Paris? quand prenez-vous l'avion pour Paris?;
    ∎ she's always flying off somewhere elle est toujours entre deux avions
    (b) (hat, lid) s'envoler; (button) sauter
    (a) (from oil rig, island) évacuer en avion ou hélicoptère
    (b) (transport by plane → to an area) emmener en avion; (→ from an area) amener en avion
    ➲ fly out
    (a) (person) partir (en avion), prendre l'avion; (plane) s'envoler;
    ∎ planes fly out of the airport at a rate of 20 an hour les avions décollent de l'aéroport au rythme de 20 par heure;
    ∎ which airport did you fly out of? de quel aéroport es-tu parti?;
    ∎ a medical team flew out to the disaster area une équipe médicale s'est rendue en avion sur la région sinistrée;
    ∎ I'll fly out to join you next Monday je prendrai l'avion pour te rejoindre lundi prochain;
    ∎ we flew out but we're going back by boat nous avons fait l'aller en avion mais nous rentrons en bateau
    (b) (come out suddenly → from box, pocket) s'échapper;
    ∎ the knife flew out of his hand le couteau lui a échappé de la main
    (c) (bird) sortir en volant
    (person, supplies → to an area) envoyer par avion; (→ from an area) évacuer par avion;
    ∎ they flew the President out (to a place) ils ont emmené le président en avion; (from a place) ils ont ramené le président en avion
    (a) (plane, bird) passer; (plane → as part of display, ceremony) défiler;
    ∎ figurative he flew past on a bicycle il est passé à toute vitesse en bicyclette
    (b) (time, days) passer à toute vitesse
    (a) (plane, bird) s'envoler;
    ∎ the plane flew up to 10,000 metres l'avion est monté à 10000 mètres;
    ∎ I flew up from London on Saturday j'ai pris l'avion depuis Londres samedi
    (b) (end of plank, lid) se soulever;
    ∎ glass flew up into the air des éclats de verre ont été projetés en l'air
    ✾ Book ✾ Film 'One flew over the Cuckoo's Nest' Kesey, Forman 'Vol au-dessus d'un nid de coucou'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > fly

  • 7 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 8 Lanchester, Frederick William

    [br]
    b. 28 October 1868 Lewisham, London, England
    d. 8 March 1946 Birmingham, England
    [br]
    English designer and builder of the first all-British motor car.
    [br]
    The fourth of eight children of an architect, he spent his childhood in Hove and attended a private preparatory school, from where, aged 14, he went to the Hartley Institution (the forerunner of Southampton University). He was then granted a scholarship to the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and also studied practical engineering at Finsbury Technical College, London. He worked first for a draughtsman and pseudo-patent agent, and was then appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Forward Gas Engine Company of Birmingham, with sixty men and a salary of £1 per week. He was then aged 21. His younger brother, George, was apprenticed to the same company. In 1889 and 1890 he invented a pendulum governor and an engine starter which earned him royalties. He built a flat-bottomed river craft with a stern paddle-wheel and a vertical single-cylinder engine with a wick carburettor of his own design. From 1892 he performed a number of garden experiments on model gliders relating to problems of lift and drag, which led him to postulate vortices from the wingtips trailing behind, much of his work lying behind the theory of modern aerodynamics. The need to develop a light engine for aircraft led him to car design.
    In February 1896 his first experimental car took the road. It had a torsionally rigid chassis, a perfectly balanced and almost noiseless engine, dynamically stable steering, epicyclic gear for low speed and reverse with direct drive for high speed. It turned out to be underpowered and was therefore redesigned. Two years later an 8 hp, two-cylinder flat twin appeared which retained the principle of balancing by reverse rotation, had new Lanchester valve-gear and a new method of ignition based on a magneto generator. For the first time a worm and wheel replaced chain-drive or bevel-gear transmission. Lanchester also designed the machinery to make it. The car was capable of about 18 mph (29 km/h): future cars of his travelled at twice that speed. From 1899 to 1904 cars were produced for sale by the Lanchester Engine Company, which was formed in 1898. The company had to make every component except the tyres. Lanchester gave up the managership but remained as Chief Designer, and he remained in this post until 1914.
    In 1907–8 his two-volume treatise Aerial Flight was published; it included consideration of skin friction, boundary-layer theory and the theory of stability. In 1909 he was appointed to the Government's Committee for Aeronautics and also became a consultant to the Daimler Company. At the age of 51 he married Dorothea Cooper. He remained a consultant to Daimler and worked also for Wolseley and Beardmore until 1929 when he started Lanchester Laboratories, working on sound reproduction. He also wrote books on relativity and on the theory of dimensions.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS.
    Bibliography
    bht=1907–8, Aerial Flight, 2 vols.
    Further Reading
    P.W.Kingsford, 1966, F.W.Lanchester, Automobile Engineer.
    E.G.Semler (ed.), 1966, The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Lanchester, Frederick William

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